Open AccessSpatially patterned bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation for axon avoidance at cellular resolution
Author(s) -
Ramandeep Vilkhu,
Sasidhar Madugula,
Lauren E. Grosberg,
Alex Gogliettino,
Paweł Hottowy,
W. Dąbrowski,
Alexander Sher,
A. M. Litke,
Subhasish Mitra,
E. J. Chichilnisky
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of neural engineering
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1741-2560
pISSN - 1741-2552
DOI - 10.1088/1741-2552/ac3450
Subject(s) - stimulation , axon , neuroscience , electrode , visual prosthesis , electrophysiology , electrode array , biomedical engineering , retina , biophysics , functional electrical stimulation , retinal ganglion cell , materials science , chemistry , biology , medicine
Objective. Epiretinal prostheses are designed to restore vision to people blinded by photoreceptor degenerative diseases by stimulating surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which carry visual signals to the brain. However, inadvertent stimulation of RGCs at their axons can result in non-focal visual percepts, limiting the quality of artificial vision. Theoretical work has suggested that axon activation can be avoided with current stimulation designed to minimize the second spatial derivative of the induced extracellular voltage along the axon. However, this approach has not been verified experimentally at the resolution of single cells. Approach. In this work, a custom multi-electrode array (512 electrodes, 10 μ m diameter, 60 μ m pitch) was used to stimulate and record RGCs in macaque retina ex vivo at single-cell, single-spike resolution. RGC activation thresholds resulting from bi-electrode stimulation, which consisted of bipolar currents simultaneously delivered through two electrodes straddling an axon, were compared to activation thresholds from traditional single-electrode stimulation. Main results. On average, across three retinal preparations, the bi-electrode stimulation strategy reduced somatic activation thresholds (∼21%) while increasing axonal activation thresholds (∼14%), thus favoring selective somatic activation. Furthermore, individual examples revealed rescued selective activation of somas that was not possible with any individual electrode. Significance. This work suggests that a bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation strategy can reduce inadvertent axonal activation at cellular resolution, for high-fidelity artificial vision.