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Developments in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence: past, present and future
Author(s) -
FOULDS JONATHAN,
STEINBERG MICHAEL B.,
WILLIAMS JILL M.,
ZIEDONIS DOUGLAS M.
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
drug and alcohol review
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.018
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1465-3362
pISSN - 0959-5236
DOI - 10.1080/09595230500459529
Subject(s) - varenicline , bupropion , medicine , pharmacotherapy , smoking cessation , nicotine , tobacco harm reduction , pharmacology , psychiatry , nortriptyline , tobacco use , environmental health , population , pathology , amitriptyline
In the mid‐1970s there were no effective pharmacological treatments for tobacco dependence. The invention of nicotine gum was a major treatment advance and also greatly helped our understanding of the nature of tobacco dependence. There are now eight effective pharmacotherapies (nicotine gum, patch, nasal spray, inhaler, lozenge/tablet, bupropion, nortriptyline and clonidine) available to aid smoking cessation. Other non‐nicotine agents that show promise are under investigation, including glucose, rimonabant, selegiline and varenicline. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms of action of the effective non‐nicotine agents should lead to better understanding of the nature of tobacco dependence. Future research into optimal treatments should examine long‐term combination pharmacotherapy combined with improved psychosocial support that is partly designed to enhance medication compliance. In addition, there is a need for studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapies in populations such as youth, pregnant smokers and smokers with co‐occurring mental health problems