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Significance One of biology’s most pressing goals is to understand how organisms adapt to their climates. Researchers have greatly clarified the ways that organisms evolve to improve their survival in warmer climates, yet a major gap in our knowledge remains. Despite &gt;95% of eukaryotic organisms engaging in sexual reproduction, little is known about whether or not climatic adaptation entails optimizing the traits that organisms use to coordinate mating and reproduction. Here, we show that mating-related traits in male but not female dragonflies evolve in a highly predictable way as they adapt to climatic conditions. Failing to account for adaptive evolution of mating-related traits may therefore limit our ability to forecast how organisms will respond to climate change.

Sex-specific ornament evolution is a consistent feature of climatic adaptation across space and time in dragonflies