Homeostatic regulation of T follicular helper and antibody response to particle antigens by IL-1Ra of medullary sinus macrophage origin

Significance Although the global hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination program has been overwhelmingly successful, it still carries 5% to 10% of nonresponders at risk for HBV infection. The key immunoregulatory factors preventing the desired humoral protection are still poorly defined. This work has not only addressed fundamental mechanisms of how lymph node sinus macrophages regulate immunogenicity of particle antigens like HBV vaccine but also suggested interleukin-1 receptor antagonist neutralization might be a viable strategy to boost antibody response in these nonresponders.