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Significance Fungal disease is a major threat to agriculture and consequently human nutrition. Many pathogenic fungi penetrate through stomata. This study reveals that chitin oligosaccharide (CTOS) from fungal cell wall induces stomatal closure through its receptor CERK1, Ca2+ , and S-type anion channel SLAC1, which would prevent fungal penetration. It is also shown that conversion of CTOS to chitosan oligosaccharide (CSOS) is a possible fungal strategy to circumvent stomatal immunity. At higher concentration, guard cells perceive CSOS, resulting in guard cell death, which potentially contributes to plant defense halting fungal infection through stomata. The finding of active guard cell death represents a conceptual advance in understanding of stomatal immunity and would guide future research on guard cell–microbe interaction and crop protection.

Stomatal immunity against fungal invasion comprises not only chitin-induced stomatal closure but also chitosan-induced guard cell death