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Significance In teleost fish, unlike mammals, retinoic acid (RA) does not exert a conspicuous feminization effect of germ cells. Instead, in the teleost fish medaka,foxl3 serves as a germ cell-autonomous factor acting at the very beginning of the sexual fate decision. This study shows thatfoxl3 initiates oogenesis through two genetically independent pathways, meiosis and follicular development. One pathway, involvingrec8a , drives female-specific regulation of meiosis. The other, involvingfbxo47 , both directs follicular development and suppresses spermatogenesis commitment. The involvement of two evolutionarily conserved factors in oogenesis suggests the existence of an RA-independent pathway that promotes oogenesis, common in vertebrates. In addition, our findings reveal the timing of the establishment of germ cell feminization.

foxl3 , a sexual switch in germ cells, initiates two independent molecular pathways for commitment to oogenesis in medaka