Pathway‐based protein–protein association network to explore mechanism of α ‐glucosidase inhibitors from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against type 2 diabetes

Natural products have been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, their mechanisms are often obscured due to multi‐components and multi‐targets. The authors constructed a pathway‐based protein–protein association (PPA) network for target proteins of 13 α‐glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) identified from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi ( SBG ), designed to explore the underlying mechanisms. This network contained 118 nodes and 1167 connections. An uneven degree distribution and small‐world property were observed, characterised by high clustering coefficient and short average path length. The PPA network had an inherent hierarchy as C(k)∼k −0.71 . It also exhibited potential weak disassortative mixing pattern, coupled with a decreased function Knn ( k ) and negative value of assortativity coefficient. These properties indicated that a few nodes were crucial to the network. PGH2, GNAS, MAPK1, MAPK3, PRKCA, and MAOA were then identified as key targets with the highest degree values and centrality indices. Additionally, a core subnetwork showed that chrysin, 5,8,2′‐trihydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavone, and wogonin were the main active constituents of these AGIs, and that the serotonergic synapse pathway was the critical pathway for SBG against T2D. The application of a pathway‐based protein–protein association network provides a novel strategy to explore the mechanisms of natural products on complex diseases.