Open AccessReduced graphene oxide: osteogenic potential for bone tissue engineering
Author(s) -
Norahan Mohammad Hadi,
Amroon Masoud,
Ghahremanzadeh Ramin,
Rabiee Navid,
Baheiraei Nafiseh
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
iet nanobiotechnology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 1751-875X
DOI - 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0125
Subject(s) - tissue engineering , biomedical engineering , graphene , alkaline phosphatase , materials science , extracellular matrix , mtt assay , chemistry , scaffold , mesenchymal stem cell , bone tissue , nanotechnology , in vitro , biochemistry , pathology , enzyme , medicine
Collagen (Col) type I, as the major component of the bone extracellular matrix has been broadly studied for bone tissue engineering. However,inferior mechanical properties limit its usage for load bearing applications. In this research, freeze dried Col scaffolds are coated with graphene oxide (GO) through a covalent bond of the amine Col with the graphene carboxyl groups. The prepared scaffolds were then reduced using a chemical agent. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited a porous structure for the synthesized scaffolds with an approximate pore size of 100–220 ± 12 µm, which is in the suitable range for bone tissue engineering application. Reducing the GO coating improved the compressive modulus of the Col from 250 to 970 kPa. Apatite formation was also indicated by immersing the scaffolds in simulated body fluid after five days. The cytocompatibility of the scaffolds, using human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells, was confirmed with MTT analysis. Alkaline phosphatase assay revealed that reducing the Col–GO scaffolds can effectively activate the differentiation of hBM‐MSCs into osteoblasts after 14 days, even without the addition of an osteogenic differentiation medium. The results of this study highlight that GO and its reduced form have considerable potential as bone substitutes for orthopaedic and dental applications.