Decentralised PEV charging coordination to absorb surplus wind energy via stochastically staggered dual‐tariff schemes considering feeder‐level regulations

Wind energy curtailment has increasingly concerned the electric power industry. To absorb the surplus wind energy, a decentralised programme is presented via stochastically staggered dual tariffs for the coordination of plug‐in electric vehicle (PEV) chargers. The programme consists of two stages: day ahead and real time. In the day‐ahead stage, two steps are performed. First, the dual‐tariff schemes are identified at the transmission level based on a charging coordination integrated unit commitment (CCIUC) model. Second, they are adjusted at the feeder level via a security check and correction (SCC) algorithm to ensure bus voltages, feeder currents and losses within desired limits. The CCIUC model and SCC algorithm incorporate a novel aggregated charging load model to grasp the integrated knowledge of PEVs in reacting to dual‐tariff signals in an ex ante manner, which avoids real‐time iterations between PEVs and systems. In the real‐time stage, the individual charging pattern is produced for cost minimisation at the charging device level by a novel local coordination model. Simulation results show that the proposed program enables: (i) enhanced efficiencies on absorbing surplus wind energy at the transmission level; (ii) well considerations on satisfying regulation requirements at the feeder level.