Effects of atmospheric turbulence and misalignment fading on performance of serial‐relaying M ‐ary pulse‐position modulation free‐space optical systems with partially coherent Gaussian beam

A novel method is presented to analyse the effects of atmospheric turbulence and misalignment fading (or pointing error) on performance of serial‐relaying M ‐ary pulse‐position modulation (PPM) free‐space optical (FSO) systems. This study is more comprehensive than previous ones, since the effect of beam size variation due to turbulence by using the partially coherent Gaussian beam model is taken into account. In addition, a closed‐form expression is formulated for bit error rate of serial‐relaying M ‐ary PPM FSO systems over Gamma–Gamma atmospheric turbulence channel, taking into account the effects of atmospheric attenuation, extinction ratio and signal‐dependent noise. The authors find that the laser source's coherent parameter, which governs the beam size at the receiver, plays an important role in the system design. If this parameter is not chosen properly, the system impairment will be either dominated by pointing error or geometric spreading loss. Thanks to the use of serial‐relaying and M ‐ary PPM, the effects of atmospheric turbulence and misalignment fading is mitigated; hence the ability of combating atmospheric turbulence and the transmission distance of FSO systems are significantly improved. In addition, useful information for system design, such as the required number of relays for a specific turbulence strength and transmission distance, could be obtained from the numerical results.