Multimodal deep network learning‐based image annotation

Multilabel image annotation is one of the most important open problems in the computer vision field. Unlike existing works that usually use conventional visual features to annotate images, features based on deep learning have shown potential to achieve outstanding performance. A multimodal deep learning framework is proposed, which aims to optimally integrate multiple deep neural networks pretrained with convolutional neural networks. In particular, the proposed framework explores a unified two‐stage learning scheme that consists of (i) learning to fune‐tune the parameters of the deep neural network with respect to each individual modality and (ii) learning to find the optimal combination of diverse modalities simultaneously in a coherent process. Experiments conducted on a variety of public datasets.