Open AccessProtecting artificial intelligence IPs: a survey of watermarking and fingerprinting for machine learning
Author(s) -
Regazzoni Francesco,
Palmieri Paolo,
Smailbegovic Fethulah,
Cammarota Rosario,
Polian Ilia
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
caai transactions on intelligence technology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.613
H-Index - 15
ISSN - 2468-2322
DOI - 10.1049/cit2.12029
Subject(s) - artificial intelligence , computer science , artificial neural network , digital watermarking , cloning (programming) , deep learning , architecture , machine learning , computer security , image (mathematics) , art , visual arts , programming language
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms achieve outstanding results in many application domains such as computer vision and natural language processing. The performance of AI models is the outcome of complex and costly model architecture design and training processes. Hence, it is paramount for model owners to protect their AI models from piracy – model cloning, illegitimate distribution and use. IP protection mechanisms have been applied to AI models, and in particular to deep neural networks, to verify the model ownership. State‐of‐the‐art AI model ownership protection techniques have been surveyed. The pros and cons of AI model ownership protection have been reported. The majority of previous works are focused on watermarking, while more advanced methods such fingerprinting and attestation are promising but not yet explored in depth. This study has been concluded by discussing possible research directions in the area.