Premium
Differential sensitivities of viruses in red cell suspensions to methylene blue photosensitization
Author(s) -
Wagner S.J.,
Robinette D.,
Storry J.,
Chen X.Y.,
Shumaker J.,
Benade L.
Publication year - 1994
Publication title -
transfusion
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.045
H-Index - 132
eISSN - 1537-2995
pISSN - 0041-1132
DOI - 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1994.34694295069.x
Subject(s) - extracellular , methylene blue , red blood cell , intracellular , infectivity , virus , biology , red cell , vesicular stomatitis virus , microbiology and biotechnology , neutral red , cell membrane , cell , biochemistry , biophysics , chemistry , virology , in vitro , cytotoxicity , computer security , photocatalysis , computer science , catalysis
Background : Previous studies explored the feasibility of using the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) as a virucidal agent in red cell suspensions. Under treatment conditions (5 μ M [5 μmol/L] MB, 3.4 × 10(4) J/m 2 ) that resulted in more than 6 log 10 inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or of the enveloped bacteriophage φ6, red cell membrane alterations were observed. Increased red cell ion permeability and the binding of plasma proteins to the red cell surface were the most sensitive indicators, which varied in a dose‐dependent fashion. Study Design and Methods : Inactivation of three additional extracellular viruses and intracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) was assessed after MB phototreatment of red cell suspensions. Potassium leakage and IgG binding also were characterized in MB‐treated red cell suspensions that were exposed to low‐fluence light (6 × 10 3 J/m 2 ). Results : Different viruses exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to MB photoinactivation. For example, phototreatment conditions (5 μ M [5 μmol/L] MB, 3.4 × 10 4 J/m 2 ) that inactivated more than 6 log 10 of VSV did not inactivate the nonenveloped picornavirus, encephalomyocarditis virus. In contrast, lower fluences (6 × 10 3 J/m 2 ) inactivated approximately 5 log 10 or more of Sindbis virus and approximately 4log 10 of extracellular HIV‐1. These less stringent phototreatment conditions (5 μM [5 μmol/L] 6 × 10 3 J/m 2 ) caused lower rates of red cell potassium leakage (reduction by 6‐ fold) and little or no binding of plasma proteins to the red cell surface, compared to values observed previously with higher fluences. However, neither 6 × 10 3 nor 4.1 × 10 4 J per m 2 fluences resulted in any inactivation of intracellular HIV as represented by changes in the amount of p24 antigen produced during co‐culture of actively infected H9 cells. Conclusion : MB‐based protocols would require the use of high‐efficiency (> 6log 10 ) white cell‐reduction filters or additional inactivation steps to deplete or inactivate intracellular virus.