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THE atp A GENE CLUSTER OF GUILLARDIA THETA (CRYPTOPHYTA): A PIECE IN THE PUZZLE OF CHLOROPLAST GENOME EVOLUTION
Author(s) -
Leitsch Carola E. W.,
Kowallik Klaus V.,
Douglas Susan
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
journal of phycology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.85
H-Index - 127
eISSN - 1529-8817
pISSN - 0022-3646
DOI - 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3510128.x
Subject(s) - biology , genome , gene , chloroplast , genetics , phylogenetic tree , concerted evolution , gene cluster , inverted repeat , eukaryote , endosymbiosis , evolutionary biology , plastid
We cloned and sequenced the genes of the atp A ( atp 1) cluster, together with its upstream and downstream sequences, of the chloroplast genome of the cryptomonad Guillardia theta Hill et Wetherbee and used gene signatures, predicted amino acid sequences, and gene arrangements for phylogenetic inferences. The Guillardia atp A cluster contains the genes atp I,H,G,F,D,A in the given order, thus reflecting the cyanobacterial/red algal/chromophyte gene arrangement. In addition, the order of both the upstream sequences rpo B,C 1 ,C 2 , rps 2, tsf and the downstream sequences ycf 16/24, which is found exclusively in red algal chloroplast genomes, is conserved in Guillardia. This gene order, which presumably is the result of the reduction process of the cyanobacterial genome following primary endosymbiosis, provides strong evidence for a red algal ancestry of the Guillardia chloroplast and supports the hypothesis of secondary endosymbioses giving rise to chl a + c ‐containing algae. The close evolutionary relationship of the chloroplasts of Guillardia and red algae is furthermore supported by the lack of introns, high degrees of sequence similarities, and additional gene signatures, including spacers, gene overlaps, and inverted repeats. Gene cluster analysis, including the ATPase genes together with their upstream and downstream genes, is consistent with a single primary photosynthetic eukaryote that gave rise to all extant algal lineages and land plants by either direct filiation or secondary endosymbioses.