Nail manifestations of some important genetic disorders in children

There are some genetic disorders in which nail changes are the major feature, such as the nail patella syndrome and pachyonychia congenita. Nail abnormalities are a constant feature of other disorders such as hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, dyskeratosis congenita, some forms of epidermolysis bullosa, and ichthyosis follicularis with alopecia and photophobia. Nail changes often occur in mal de Meleda, Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, and the keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness (KID) syndrome and are an occasional feature in some other ichthyoses and in incontinentia pigmenti. In Goltz syndrome, nail changes can be supportive of the diagnosis in a case in which the other features are minimal or subtle. In Darier disease, nail changes may be the first sign of the disorder and lead to the diagnosis being made. Nail changes may occur in some conditions such as Apert syndrome and Adams–Oliver syndrome as a result of abnormalities of the distal phalanges.