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THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Traditional Cardiac Risk Factors in Individuals with Chronic Kidney Disease
Author(s) -
Uhlig Katrin,
Levey Andrew S.,
Sarnak Mark J.
Publication year - 2003
Publication title -
seminars in dialysis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.899
H-Index - 78
eISSN - 1525-139X
pISSN - 0894-0959
DOI - 10.1046/j.1525-139x.2003.16028.x
Subject(s) - medicine , kidney disease , dyslipidemia , disease , diabetes mellitus , risk factor , epidemiology , intensive care medicine , glycemic , population , environmental health , endocrinology
Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk is due to a higher prevalence of both traditional risk factors as well as nontraditional risk factors. In this review we focus on individuals at all stages of CKD and discuss modifiable traditional risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control, smoking, and physical inactivity. The prevalence of each risk factor and its relationship with CVD is described. Treatment recommendations are provided using evidence available from populations with CKD or evidence extrapolated from the general population when there are insufficient data on individuals with CKD.