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The basal Ichneumonidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera): 28S D2 rDNA considerations of the Brachycyrtinae, Labeninae, Paxylommatinae and Xoridinae
Author(s) -
Quicke D. L. J.,
LopezVaamonde C.,
Belshaw R.
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
zoologica scripta
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.204
H-Index - 64
eISSN - 1463-6409
pISSN - 0300-3256
DOI - 10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00010.x
Subject(s) - biology , ichneumonidae , monophyly , hymenoptera , sister group , sensu , zoology , phylogenetic tree , maximum parsimony , evolutionary biology , clade , parasitoid , genetics , genus , gene
Determining groundplan morphological and biological features can depend on knowing which groups are derived most basally within that group. Within the Ichneumonidae, several subfamilies variously have been postulated as occupying a basal phylogenetic position or possessing largely plesiomorphic morphologies and biologies (e.g. Labeninae), and therefore potentially exemplifying ancestral life‐history stategies. Sequence data from the D2 variable region of the nuclear 28S rDNA gene have been used to examine basal relationships in the family. Paxylommatinae and Xoridinae consistently appear as basal within the family under both maximum parsimony and neighbour‐joining analyses. Labeninae sensu Wahl (1993: ) often appear near the base of the Ichneumonidae but never as the sister group of the remainder of the family. The Brachycyrtinae, recently removed from the Labeninae by Wahl (1993), appear as part of the informal ichneumonoid group of subfamilies in the most parsimonious trees but this was not statistically significant using the likelihood‐based, Kishino‐Hasegawa test compared with a monophyletic Labeninae + Brachycyrtinae. Biologies of labenines and brachycyrtines are discussed in relation to those of putative relatives.