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Acetylcholine and glutamate release during sleep–wakefulness in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and norepinephrine changes regulated by nitric oxide
Author(s) -
Kodama Tohru,
Honda Yoshiko
Publication year - 1999
Publication title -
psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.609
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1440-1819
pISSN - 1323-1316
DOI - 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00543.x
Subject(s) - microdialysis , acetylcholine , tegmentum , wakefulness , endocrinology , rapid eye movement sleep , pons , chemistry , glutamate receptor , medicine , pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus , cholinergic , slow wave sleep , nitric oxide , pedunculopontine nucleus , cholinergic neuron , neuroscience , dopamine , psychology , midbrain , central nervous system , eye movement , parkinson's disease , receptor , disease , electroencephalography , deep brain stimulation
Cholinergic neurons in the pons appear to play a major role in generating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In the present study, acetylcholine and glutamate release in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) during the sleep–waking cycle were investigated by in vivo microdialysis. Acetylcholine release during slow wave sleep (SWS) was significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than during REM sleep and wakefulness. On the other hand, glutamate release during wakefulness was higher ( P < 0.05) than during REM sleep and SWS. Furthermore, the application of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (1 mM) induced a significant increase of nitric oxides (NOx) for 20 min ( P < 0.05) and a decrease of norepinephrine for the first 15 min ( P = 0.01), indicating NOx regulation on norepinephrine release in PPT.