Extracorporeal support and hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure and cirrhosis

The relative shortage of donor organs and lack of immediate availability mean that many patients with acute liver failure die before orthotopic liver transplantation can be performed. An effective temporary liver support system could improve the chance of survival with or without a transplant being ultimately carried out. Recent technological advances resulting in improved maintenance of hepatocyte viability and function in culture and bioreactor designs which facilitate adequate perfusion of the cellular component and removal of products of cellular metabolism have led to the development of a number of bioartificial devices for liver support. Three such devices have undergone preliminary clinical evaluation in the setting of acute liver failure, with a statistically significant reduction in raised intracerebral pressure along with improvements in consciousness level and some biochemical parameters associated with treatment with one of these. Several other devices with different characteristics have shown promise in vitro and/or in animal models but await clinical evaluation. Several new totally artificial systems have also been described, along with the emergence of isolated hepatocyte transplantation, with reports of successful ‘bridging’ to liver transplantation. Controlled trials on a multicentre basis in well‐defined patient groups and with standardized outcome measures will be required to properly evaluate the clinical value of each of these approaches to providing liver support in acute liver failure and cirrhosis. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying multiorgan failure and of factors inhibiting liver regeneration, thereby allowing a more targeted approach, will be essential to the further development of effective liver support strategies in these settings.