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The role of ADP‐ribosylation and G M1 ‐binding activity in the mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of the Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin and Vibrio cholerae cholera toxin
Author(s) -
Haan Lolke,
Verweij Willem,
Agsteribbe Etienne,
Wilschut Jan
Publication year - 1998
Publication title -
immunology and cell biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.999
H-Index - 104
eISSN - 1440-1711
pISSN - 0818-9641
DOI - 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00745.x
Subject(s) - immunogenicity , adjuvant , cholera toxin , vibrio cholerae , enterotoxin , antigen , immune system , heat labile enterotoxin , microbiology and biotechnology , antibody , vaccination , biology , escherichia coli , immunology , bacteria , gene , biochemistry , genetics
The mucosal route of vaccination has attracted a great deal of attention recently. Not only is mucosal application of vaccines, for example, orally or intranasally, particularly convenient, it also offers the possibility to induce locally produced and secreted S‐IgA antibodies in addition to systemic IgG antibodies. These IgA antibodies are known to play a key role in protection against pathogens that invade the host through mucosal surfaces. Induction of such responses is not readily achieved by currently used vaccination strategies, which generally involve intramuscular or subcutaneous injection with inactivated pathogens or antigens thereof. For the induction of a mucosal immune response, the vaccine needs to be applied locally. However, local vaccination with non‐replicating antigens is usually ineffective and may result in tolerance unless a mucosal immunoadjuvant is included. The most potent mucosal immunoadjuvants known to date are probably cholera toxin (CT) and the closely related Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT). Although CT and LT have become standard adjuvants for experimental mucosal vaccines, the intrinsic toxicity has thus far precluded their use as adjuvants for human vaccine formulations. In the present review, the mucosal immunogenic and adjuvant properties of LT and CT are described, with special emphasis on the functional role of the individual subunits on their immune‐stimulatory properties.