Habitat selection by wintering tufted ducks with special reference to their digestive organ and to possible segregation between neighboring populations

Habitat selection by tufted ducks ( Aythya fuligula ), a diving duck which swallows benthic prey organisms, was studied during winter at two neighboring lagoons (Lakes Nakaumi and Shinji, Honshu, Japan) which differ strongly in their benthic fauna and in their diving duck densities. The ducks fed overwhelmingly on the dominant bivalve found in each of the two lagoons, the mussel Musculista senhousia in L. Nakaumi and the clam Corbicula japonica in L. Shinji. In general, however, the ducks probably preferred the mussels to the clams because of: (i) their high (2.9 times) calorific content for their weight; (ii) their high digestibility; (iii) their greater accessibility; and (iv) their shorter handling time. An average tufted duck (850 g) was estimated to require 1.3 kg of mussels or 3.8 kg of clams to meet their daily energy requirements. As a result, the two wintering populations were estimated to consume 4970 t mussels and 4770 t clams during a single wintering season, amounting to some 20% of the standing clam crop. Throughout the winter the average gizzard weight (37 g), and gizzard–body mass ratio (4.2%) of the Lake Nakaumi population were half those of the Lake Shinji population (73 g, 8.1%, respectively), despite their significantly similar nutritive body condition (% body lipid > 12%). The need to maintain a specialized gizzard mass in order to be able to cope with the different prey species results in little opportunity for ‘sampling’ movements of birds between lakes/prey types and as a result two subpopulations of ducks are indicated to be segregated.