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Regulation of ectodermal differentiation in Xenopus laevis animal caps treated with TPA and ammonium chloride
Author(s) -
Sotgia Cristina,
Fascio Umberto,
Pennati Roberta,
Bernardi Fiorenza
Publication year - 1998
Publication title -
development, growth and differentiation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.864
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1440-169X
pISSN - 0012-1592
DOI - 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1998.t01-5-00009.x
Subject(s) - ectoderm , xenopus , inducer , microbiology and biotechnology , biology , embryo , neural development , biochemistry , chemistry , anatomy , embryogenesis , gene
Animal caps isolated from Xenopus laevis embryos at the blastula stage were treated sequentially with NH 4 Cl, a known cement gland inducer, and with 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), a known neural inducer. The two artificial inducers were also used in reverse order to see if they can mimic the natural inducers acting during the progressive determination of the ectodermal organ. Immunofluorescence and whole‐mount in situ hybridization were used to study the expression of tubulin, taken to indicate an early step on the pathway of cell elongation, and neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) taken to indicate an early step in the determination of the nervous system. The expression of XCG‐1, a marker of early specification of the cement gland, was also studied. The results showed that the two artificial inducers can mimic the effects of the natural inducers in animal cap explants. The TPA behaves like a neural inducer, reducing the number and the extension of the cement gland when added to the medium in addition to NH 4 Cl, before or after NH 4 Cl treatment. In the process of cement gland/neural induction, it is possible to redirect the ectoderm already specified as cement gland to neural tissue, but it does not seem possible to respecify the neural tissue as cement gland. Moreover, the animal caps were also cut into dorsal and ventral parts and the two halves were treated separately. The results were similar to those obtained with treatment of the entire animal cap, suggesting that a dorsal‐ventral pattern is not yet established before the gastrula stage, and that in normal embryos there are boundaries between the effects of different inducers.