Leakage and aggregation of phospholipid vesicles induced by the BH3‐only Bcl‐2 family member, BID

BID is a BH3 domain‐only member of the Bcl‐2 family that acts as an apoptotic agonist in programmed cell death. After cleavage by caspase‐8, the N‐terminal of BID (N‐BID) stays in the cytosol while the C‐terminal of BID (C‐BID) translocates to mitochondria, leading to cytochrome  c release in vivo and in vitro . We have previously reported that BID or truncated BID (tBID) can induce the release of entrapped trypsin and cytochrome  c from large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). Further studies have been performed and are presented here; the results demonstrate that C‐BID, like BID and tBID, induces vesicle leakage, whereas N‐BID or the BID mutants BID (D59A) and BID (G94E) fail to have any significant effects. The affinity of the above‐mentioned proteins for soybean phospholipid LUVs (SLUVs) decreased in an order similar to their leakage‐inducing capability: tBID > BID > BID (D59A), while N‐BID and BID (G94E) were unable to bind to the vesicles at all. BID‐induced leakage was dependent on the lipid composition of vesicles. Acidic phospholipid (e.g. phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylglycerol) was necessary for BID‐induced leakage while the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine or cholesterol reduced the leakage. It was also found C‐BID is better able to penetrate the soybean phospholipid monolayer than BID or tBID. A further finding was that tBID, but not full‐length BID, could stimulate the aggregation of SLUVs. Finally, Bcl‐x L , an apoptotic antagonist in programmed cell death, can prevent the aggregation of LUVs induced by tBID, but not the release of entrapped trypsin. It is postulated that two separate domains of tBID are responsible for inducing leakage and aggregation of phospholipid vesicles.