Receptor crosstalk

There are at least three well‐defined signalling cascades engaged directly in the physiological regulation of cardiac circulatory function: the β 1 ‐adrenoceptors that control the cardiac contractile apparatus, the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system involved in regulating blood pressure and the natriuretic peptides contributing at least to the factors determining circulating volume. Apart from these pathways, other cardiac receptor systems, particularly the α 1 ‐adrenoceptors, adenosine, endothelin and opioid receptors, whose physiological role may not be immediately evident, are also important with respect to regulating cardiovascular function especially in disease. These and the majority of other cardiovascular receptors identified to date belong to the guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein‐coupled receptor families that mediate signalling by coupling primarily to three G proteins, the stimulatory (G s ), inhibitory (G i ) and G q/11 proteins to stimulate the adenylate cyclases and phospholipases, activating a small but diverse subset of effectors and ion channels. These receptor pathways are engaged in crosstalk utilizing second messengers and protein kinases as checkpoints and hubs for diverting, converging, sieving and directing the G protein‐mediated messages resulting in different signalling products. Besides, the heart itself is endowed with the means to harmonize these signalling mechanisms and to fend off potentially fatal consequences of functional loss of the essential signalling pathways via compensatory reserve pathways, or by inducing some adaptive mechanisms to be turned on, if and when required. This receptor crosstalk constitutes the underlying basis for sustaining a coherently functional circulatory entity comprising mechanisms controlling the contractile apparatus, blood pressure and circulating volume, both in normal physiology and in disease.