Determinants of oviposition in Acanthoscelides obtectus : a nonconformist bruchid

. Acanthoscelides obtectus is atypical of bruchids found in stored seeds because females do not attach eggs individually to host seeds but scatter them irregularly among potential hosts. In other respects, its life history resembles that of other species and comparison provides evidence for the adaptive nature of their behaviour. Individual females differ dramatically in the temporal pattern of their oviposition. The hypothesis is proposed that this is an adaptation to life in heterogeneous habitats. Oviposition is not regulated by host availability to the same extent as in other bruchids, providing evidence that regulation of the number of eggs laid by species which stick eggs to host seeds is an adaptation to the abundance of hosts. The continued presence of males and opportunity for multiple matings does not affect fecundity or egg viability. Females preferentially lay on clean seeds when provided with a choice between them and seeds previously exposed to other adult beetles. However, they do not appear to be deterred by, or cannot detect, the presence of larvae infesting seeds. Other bruchid species avoid such seeds that they can identify by the occurrence of egg cases and pheromones. The number of eggs laid is influenced by the host cultivar available for oviposition. Oviposition by A. obtectus appears to be an adaptation to both storage environments and the heterogeneous environment of a growing crop or uncultivated land. Its behaviour suggests an ancestral condition in bruchids and the changes which might have occurred in the ecology of other bruchid species as they have adapted to become pests of human seed stores.