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Global impact of mature biofilm lifestyle on Escherichia coli K‐12 gene expression
Author(s) -
Beloin Christophe,
Valle Jaione,
LatourLambert Patricia,
Faure Philippe,
Kzreminski Mickaël,
Balestrino Damien,
Haagensen Janus A. J.,
Molin Søren,
Prensier Gérard,
Arbeille Brigitte,
Ghigo JeanMarc
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
molecular microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.857
H-Index - 247
eISSN - 1365-2958
pISSN - 0950-382X
DOI - 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03865.x
Subject(s) - biofilm , biology , operon , gene , escherichia coli , biogenesis , sigma factor , genetics , gene expression , transcriptome , phenotype , regulation of gene expression , microbiology and biotechnology , bacteria , rna polymerase
Summary The formation of biofilm results in a major lifestyle switch that is thought to affect the expression of multiple genes and operons. We used DNA arrays to study the global effect of biofilm formation on gene expression in mature Escherichia coli K‐12 biofilm. We show that, when biofilm is compared with the exponential growth phase, 1.9% of the genes showed a consistent up‐ or downregulation by a factor greater than two, and that 10% of the E. coli genome is significantly differentially expressed. The functions of the genes induced in these conditions correspond to stress response as well as energy production, envelope biogenesis and unknown functions. We provide evidence that the expression of stress envelope response genes, such as the psp operon or elements of the cpx and rpoE pathways, is a general feature of E. coli mature biofilms. We also compared biofilm with the stationary growth phase and showed that the biofilm lifestyle, although sharing similarities with the stationary growth phase, triggers the expression of specific sets of genes. Using gene disruption of 54 of the most biofilm‐induced genes followed by a detailed phenotypic study, we validated the biological relevance of our analysis and showed that 20 of these genes are required for the formation of mature biofilm. This group includes 11 genes of previously unknown function. These results constitute a comprehensive analysis of the global transcriptional response triggered in mature E. coli biofilms and provide insights into its physiological signature.