Internet usage and ‘internet addiction’ in students and its implications for learning

The popular stereotypes surrounding various types of hacking and computing addiction (e.g. Turkle, 1995) indicate that 'addicts' tend to be socially unskilled male teenagers who have little or no social life and/or self-confidence. Recent surveys have confirmed that a vast majority of Internet users are in fact male. A survey by Pitkow and Kehoe (1996) indicated that 32% of users access the Internet through education providers and that 28% of them are college stu- dents. Two recent studies have examined excessive Internet use among a US student population. Although unrepresentative of the general public, students are considered high-risk for problems because of ready access and flexible time schedules (Moore, 1995). Morahan-Martin and Schumacher (1997) examined what they termed 'Patho- logical Internet Use' (PIU) in 277 students. Pathological Internet users accounted for 8.1% of the total sample and were more likely to be male (12.2% males; 3.2% females). Scherer and Bost (1997) surveyed 531 students about their Internet use and developed a checklist of ten clinical symptoms to parallel the symp- toms of substance abuse and dependency. Results indicated that 49 respond- ents (13%) of weekly users scored three or more on the dependency checklist and that the majority of these were male (71%). Thirteen percent of the sample reported Internet use had interfered with either their academic work, profes- sional performance or their social lives. All surveys examining addiction have failed to indicate that it exists mainly because the criteria chosen appear to be only peripheral to the core concepts of addiction. Previous research by some of the authors (Griffiths, 1995; 1996; Griffiths & Sparrow, 1997) has shown that the Internet may be addicting. One of the objec- tives of this research project (funded by Nottingham Trent University) is to determine the object of the addiction and the implications it may have for im- peding student learning. It must also be noted that since students appear to be at the greatest risk, such research will help in the formulation of problem pre- vention policies. There is little in the way of information about normal and excessive Internet usage and its development in the student population and/or it's impact on student learning. The current research project has only just begun but aims to: • establish empirically the prevalence of 'Internet addiction' amongst the stu- dent population; • determine the object of the excessive use and/or addiction, e.g. the me- dium of communication, aspects of its specific style (e.g. no face-to-face,