The ability of antigen, but not interleukin‐2, to promote n‐butyrate‐induced T helper 1 cell anergy is associated with increased expression and altered association patterns of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors

Summary The ability of the cell cycle inhibitor n‐butyrate to induce T helper 1 (Th1) cell anergy is dependent upon its ability to block the cell cycle progression of activated Th1 cells in G1. Results reported here show that although both interleukin (IL)‐2 and antigen (Ag) push Th1 cells into G1 where they are blocked by n‐butyrate, only the Ag‐activated Th1 cells demonstrate functional anergy once the n‐butyrate has been removed from the culture. Because n‐butyrate‐induced Th1 cell anergy has been linked to increased expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21 Cip1 and p27 Kip1 , mechanistic experiments focused on the role of these inhibitors. It was found that when Th1 cells were reincubated in Ag‐stimulated secondary cultures, the Th1 cells previously exposed to Ag and n‐butyrate (anergic Th1 cells) demonstrated a cumulative increase in p21 Cip1 and p27 Kip1 when compared with Th1 cells previously exposed to recombinant (r)IL‐2 and n‐butyrate (non‐anergic Th1 cells). p27 Kip1 in the anergic Th1 cells from the secondary cultures was associated with cyclin‐dependent kinases (cdks). In contrast, p21 Cip1 in the anergic Th1 cells, although present at high levels, did not associate significantly with cdks, suggesting that p21 Cip1 may target some other protein in the anergic Th1 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that Th1 cell exposure to Ag and n‐butyrate, rather than IL‐2 and n‐butyrate, is needed to induce the cumulative increase in p21 Cip1 and p27 Kip1 that is associated with the proliferative unresponsiveness in anergic Th1 cells. In addition, p21 Cip1 may inhibit proliferation in the anergic Th1 cells by some mechanism other than suppression of cdks that is unique to the induction of Th1 cell anergy.