Absolute bioavailability of midazolam after subcutaneous administration to healthy volunteers

AimsMidazolam is given intravenously for induction of anaesthesia and conscious sedation and by subcutaneous infusion in patients in palliative care units. The objective of the present study was to determine the absolute bioavailability of subcutaneous midazolam and its pharmacokinetics in young, healthy, male volunteers. MethodsEighteen volunteers were given single doses of 0.1 mg kg −1 midazolam i.v. and s.c. after a wash‐out period of 7–15 days in an open‐label, randomized, cross‐over study. Blood samples were collected up to 12 h post‐infusion. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and of its two metabolites, 1′‐OHM and 4‐OHM, were assessed using an h.p.l.c.‐MS method (LOQ 0.5 ng ml −1 for each analyte). Vital signs, cardiac parameters and oximetry were monitored. Local tolerance was determined and adverse events were also monitored.ResultsAfter   s.c.   infusion   t max    and   C max    were   0.51 ± 0.18 h   and 127.8 ± 29.3 ng ml −1 (mean ± s.d.), respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected in AUC(0,∞) after i.v. and s.c. administration. The mean (± s.d.) absolute bioavailability of subcutaneous midazolam was 0.96 (± 0.14) (CI 0.84, 1.03).   Mean   (± s.d.)   t 1/2    was   similar   after   s.c.   (3.2   (± 1.0)   h)   and   i.v.   infusion   (2.9   (± 0.7)   h),   although   a   statistically   significant   difference   was   reached   ( P  < 0.05). Mean CL and V of i.v. midazolam were 4.4 ± 1.0 ml min −1 kg −1 and 1.1 ± 0.2 l kg −1 (mean ± s.d.), respectively. Plasma concentrations of 1’‐OHM were higher than those of 4‐OHM. Few mild and transient adverse events were noted and there were no clinically significant effects on EEG, blood pressure and laboratory parameters.ConclusionsThis study has shown that subcutaneous midazolam has excellent bioavailability and that administration of midazolam by this route could be preferable when the intravenous route is inappropriate.