A single copy of a virus‐derived transgene encoding hairpin RNA gives immunity to barley yellow dwarf virus

Summary Barley yellow dwarf virus–PAV (BYDV‐PAV) is the most serious and widespread virus of cereals worldwide. Natural resistance genes against this luteovirus give inadequate control, and previous attempts to introduce synthetic resistance into cereals have produced variable results. In an attempt to generate barley with protection against BYDV‐PAV, plants were transformed with a transgene designed to produce hairpin (hp)RNA containing BYDV‐PAV sequences. From 25 independent barley lines transformed with the BYDV‐PAV hpRNA construct, nine lines showed extreme resistance to the virus and the majority of these contained a single transgene. In the progeny of two independent transgenic lines, inheritance of a single transgene consistently correlated with protection against BYDV‐PAV. This protection was rated as immunity because the virus could not be detected in the challenged plants by ELISA nor recovered by aphid feeding experiments. In the field, BYDV‐PAV is sometimes associated with the related luteovirus Cereal yellow dwarf virus‐RPV (CYDV‐RPV). When the transgenic plants were challenged with BYDV‐PAV and CYDV‐RPV together, the plants were susceptible to CYDV‐RPV but immune to BYDV‐PAV. This shows that the immunity is virus‐specific and not broken down by the presence of CYDV. It suggests that CYDV‐RPV does not encode a silencing‐suppressor gene or that its product does not protect BYDV‐PAV against the plant’s RNAi‐like defence mechanism. Either way, our results indicate that the BYDV‐PAV immunity will be robust in the field and is potentially useful in minimizing losses in cereal production worldwide.