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Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance
Author(s) -
Shoptaw Steve,
RotheramFuller Erin,
Yang Xiaowei,
Frosch Dominick,
Nahom Debbie,
Jarvik Murray E.,
Rawson Richard A.,
Ling Walter
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00221.x
Subject(s) - smoking cessation , methadone maintenance , medicine , methadone , psychiatry , environmental health , pathology
Aims To evaluate relapse prevention (relapse prevention) and contingency management (contingency management) for optimizing smoking cessation outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for methadone‐maintained tobacco smokers. Design Experimental, 2 (relapse prevention)×2 (contingency management) repeated measures design using a platform of nicotine replacement therapy featuring a 2‐week baseline period, followed by randomization to 12weeks of treatment, and 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up visits. Setting Three narcotic treatment centers in Los Angeles. Participants One hundred and seventy‐five participants who met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria. Intervention Participants received 12weeks of nicotine replacement therapy and assignment to one of four conditions: patch‐only, relapse prevention + patch, contingency management + patch and relapse prevention + contingency management + patch. Measurements Thrice weekly samples of breath (analyzed for carbon monoxide) and urine (analyzed for metabolites of opiates and cocaine) and weekly self‐reported numbers of cigarettes smoked. Findings Participants (73.1%) completed 12weeks of treatment. During treatment, those assigned to receive contingency management showed statistically higher rates of smoking abstinence than those not assigned to receive contingencies ( F 3,4680 =6.3, P =0.0003), with no similar effect observed for relapse prevention. At follow‐up evaluations, there were no significant differences between conditions. Participants provided more opiate and cocaine‐free urines during weeks when they met criteria for smoking abstinence than during weeks when they did not meet these criteria ( F 1,2054 =14.38, P =0.0002; F 1,2419 =16.52, P <0.0001). Conclusions Contingency management optimized outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for reducing cigarette smoking during treatment for opiate dependence, although long‐term effects are not generally maintained. Findings document strong associations between reductions in cigarette smoking and reductions in illicit substance use during treatment.