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Life‐time prevalence and risk factors of tobacco/nicotine dependence in male ever‐smokers in Japan
Author(s) -
Kawakami Norito,
Takatsuka Naoyoshi,
Shimizu Hiroyuki,
Takai Akihiro
Publication year - 1998
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93710237.x
Subject(s) - cidi , medicine , logistic regression , nicotine dependence , nicotine , smoking cessation , psychiatry , cross sectional study , demography , epidemiology , pathology , sociology , national comorbidity survey
Aims. To estimate the life‐time prevalence rate of tobacco/nicotine dependence and demographic variables and smoking habits associated with the disorder in male ever‐smokers in Japan. Design. A cross‐sectional community‐based interview study. Setting. Takayama city, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Participants. A total of 170 male ever‐smokers aged 35 years or older selected randomly from a community in Japan were interviewed. The response rate was 85%. Measurements. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to make diagnoses of tobacco/nicotine dependence according to ICD‐10, DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV. The Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) was also administered and those who had a FTQ score of 7 or above were identified. Findings. The life‐time prevalence rates of tobacco/nicotine dependence in male ever‐smokers were 42%, 26% and 32% according to ICD‐10, DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV criteria, respectively; 19% had a FTQ score of 7 or above. The ICD‐10 diagnosis was significantly and negatively associated with quitting smoking ( p 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that number of cigarettes per day when they smoked the most was significantly associated with higher life‐time risks of the disorder according to DSM‐III‐R, DSM‐IV and Fagerstrom's classification ( p 0.05). The length of cigarette smoked was associated with higher life‐time risks of ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV diagnoses, and years of smoking were associated with higher life‐time risks of ICD‐10, DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV diagnoses ( p 0.05). Younger birth cohorts had higher cumulative rates of the disorder according to DSM‐IV ( p for trend 0.05). Conclusions. Life‐time prevalence rates of tobacco/nicotine dependence according to ICD‐10, DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV in male ever‐smokers in Japan were within the range of rates reported in previous US studies; rates of FTQ score of 7 or above were lower. Fagerstrom scores and diagnostic criteria appear to reflect different aspects of dependence.