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Raman microspectrometry sulfur detection and characterization in the marine ectosymbiotic nematode Eubostrichus dianae (Desmodoridae, Stilbonematidae)
Author(s) -
Himmel David,
Maurin Leslie Candice,
Gros Olivier,
Mansot JeanLouis
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
biology of the cell
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.543
H-Index - 85
eISSN - 1768-322X
pISSN - 0248-4900
DOI - 10.1042/bc20080051
Subject(s) - sulfur , biology , chemosynthesis , symbiotic bacteria , raman spectroscopy , periplasmic space , bacteria , biochemistry , symbiosis , hydrothermal vent , chemistry , paleontology , physics , organic chemistry , optics , escherichia coli , gene , hydrothermal circulation
Background information . Marine nematodes belonging to the Stilbonematidae (Desmodoridae) family are described as living in obligatory association with sulfur‐oxidizing chemoautotrophic ectosymbionts. The symbiotic bacteria carrying out this chemosynthesis should contain elemental sulfur in periplasmic granules as sulfur granules of chemoautotrophic endosymbionts described in various marine invertebrates. Results . Based on TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analyses, extracellular bacteria surrounding Eubostrichus dianae possess these spherical periplasmic granules. Few investigative techniques can be used to identify elemental sulfur, S 8 , such as EDXS (energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy) and EELS (electron energy loss spectroscopy), which are associated with cryo‐fixation of the sample to avoid sulfur loss. These techniques are time consuming, expensive and require technical skills. Raman microspectrometry applied to the analysis of E. dianae allowed us to detect elemental sulfur, S 8 , and confirmed the location of these sulfur clusters in the bacterial coat. In the same way, Raman spectrometry was positively applied to the endosymbiotic bivalve Codakia orbicularis , suggesting that this technique can be used to characterize sulfur in ecto‐ as well as in endo‐symbiotic sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria. Conclusions . As Raman spectrometry can be used on living organisms (without preliminary fixation) without sample damage and preserving the molecular structure of the sulfur (denatured during chemical fixation), it represents a very well‐adapted investigative tool for biologists. This technique therefore permits us to detect quickly and easily (in a few seconds and on entire living animals) the presence of sulfur compounds in the symbiotic nematode.