Science and technology of electrochemistry at nano-interfaces: concluding remarks

The Faraday Discussion on electrochemistry at nano-interfaces presented a platform for an incredibly diverse array of advances in electrochemical nanoscience and nanotechnology. In this summary, I have identified the factors which drive the development of the science and which ultimately support many impressive technological advances described. Prime among these are the emergence of new physical behaviors when device dimensions approach characteristic physical scaling lengths, the steadily increasing importance of surfaces as device dimensions shrink, and the capacity to fabricate and utilize structures which are commensurate in size with molecules, especially biomolecules and biomolecular complexes. In this Faraday Discussion we were treated to outstanding examples of each of these nanoscience drivers to produce new, and in many cases unexpected, electrochemical phenomena that would not be observed at larger scales. The main thrust of these collective activities has been to realize the promise implicit in several transformational experiments that were carried out in the last decades of the 20th century. Our task is not complete, and we can look forward to many additional developments springing from the same intellectual wellhead.