Heterologous desensitization of the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors by purinoceptor activation in renal mesangial cells

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is considered a potent mitogen for mesangial cells and activates the classical mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade via S1P receptors. In this study, we show that S1P signalling is rapidly desensitized upon S1P receptor activation. A complete loss of S1P sensitivity occurs after 10 min of S1P pretreatment and remains for at least 8 h. A similar desensitization is also seen with the S1P mimetic FTY720‐phosphate, but not with the nonphosphorylated FTY720, nor with sphingosine or ceramide. Prestimulating the cells with extracellular ATP or UTP, which bind to and activate P2Y receptors on mesangial cells, a similar rapid desensitization of the S1P receptor occurs, suggesting a heterologous desensitization of S1P receptors by P2Y receptor activation. Furthermore, adenosine binding to P1 receptors triggers a similar desensitization. In contrast, two other growth factors, PDGF‐BB and TGF β 2 , have no significant effect on S1P‐induced MAPK activation. S1P also triggers increased inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) formation, which is completely abolished by S1P pretreatment but only partially by ATP pretreatment, suggesting that IP 3 formation and MAPK activation stimulated by S1P involve different receptor subtypes. Increasing intracellular cAMP levels by forskolin pretreatment has a similar effect on desensitization as adenosine. Moreover, a selective A 3 adenosine receptor agonist, which couples to phospholipase C and increases IP 3 formation, exerted a similar effect. Pretreatment of cells with various protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors prior to ATP prestimulation and subsequent S1P stimulation leads to a differential reversal of the ATP effect. Whereas the broad‐spectrum protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine potently reverses the effect, the PKC‐ α inhibitor CGP41251, the PKC‐ δ inhibitor rottlerin and calphostin C show only a partial reversal at maximal concentrations. Suramin, which is reported as a selective S1P 3 receptor antagonist compared to the other S1P receptor subtypes, has no effect on the S1P‐induced MAPK activation, thus excluding the involvement of S1P 3 in this response. In summary, these data document a rapid homologous and also heterologous desensitization of S1P signalling in mesangial cells, which is mechanistically triggered by PKC activation and eventually another staurosporine‐sensitive protein kinase, as well as by increased cAMP formation.British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143 , 581–589. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705980