B cells display an abnormal distribution and an impaired suppressive function in patients with chronic antibody–mediated rejection

In kidney transplantation, the composition of the B-cell compartment is increasingly identified as an important determinant for graft outcome. Whereas naive and transitional B cells have been associated with long-term allograft survival and operational tolerance, memory B cells have been linked to graft rejection and graft loss. Chronic antibody-mediated rejection now represents a major complication in transplantation and is a challenge in current therapeutics. Here, we show that patients with chronic antibody-mediated rejection display a unique B-cell phenotype with a reduced ratio of activated to memory B cells associated with an impaired immunosuppressive activity. The regulatory functions of the B cells depended on their maturation status. Thus, phenotypic and functional analyses of the B-cell compartment may be indicated for appropriate follow-up after transplantation and drive therapy in the establishment of transplant tolerance processes.