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IFNβ‐dependent increases in STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 mediate resistance to viruses and DNA damage
Author(s) -
Cheon HyeonJoo,
HolveyBates Elise G,
Schoggins John W,
Forster Samuel,
Hertzog Paul,
Imanaka Naoko,
Rice Charles M,
Jackson Mark W,
Junk Damian J,
Stark George R
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
the embo journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 7.484
H-Index - 392
eISSN - 1460-2075
pISSN - 0261-4189
DOI - 10.1038/emboj.2013.203
Subject(s) - biology , phosphorylation , stat2 , interferon , dna damage , stat1 , downregulation and upregulation , transcription (linguistics) , transcription factor , tyrosine , microbiology and biotechnology , dna , virology , gene , stat3 , genetics , stat , biochemistry , linguistics , philosophy
A single high dose of interferon‐β (IFNβ) activates powerful cellular responses, in which many anti‐viral, pro‐apoptotic, and anti‐proliferative proteins are highly expressed. Since some of these proteins are deleterious, cells downregulate this initial response rapidly. However, the expression of many anti‐viral proteins that do no harm is sustained, prolonging a substantial part of the initial anti‐viral response for days and also providing resistance to DNA damage. While the transcription factor ISGF3 (IRF9 and tyrosine‐phosphorylated STATs 1 and 2) drives the first rapid response phase, the related factor un‐phosphorylated ISGF3 (U‐ISGF3), formed by IFNβ‐induced high levels of IRF9 and STATs 1 and 2 without tyrosine phosphorylation, drives the second prolonged response. The U‐ISGF3‐induced anti‐viral genes that show prolonged expression are driven by distinct IFN stimulated response elements (ISREs). Continuous exposure of cells to a low level of IFNβ, often seen in cancers, leads to steady‐state increased expression of only the U‐ISGF3‐dependent proteins, with no sustained increase in other IFNβ‐induced proteins, and to constitutive resistance to DNA damage.