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Physiologic and subjective changes from smokeless tobacco withdrawal
Author(s) -
Hatsukami Dorothy K,
Gust Steven W,
Keenan Robert M
Publication year - 1987
Publication title -
clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.941
H-Index - 188
eISSN - 1532-6535
pISSN - 0009-9236
DOI - 10.1038/clpt.1987.17
Subject(s) - smokeless tobacco , medicine , confusion , nicotine , clinical pharmacology , craving , checklist , anesthesia , addiction , tobacco use , psychiatry , environmental health , psychology , pharmacology , population , psychoanalysis , cognitive psychology
This study prospectively examined withdrawal symptoms in persons using Copenhagen smokeless tobacco and in persons smoking cigarettes. Smokeless tobacco chewers (N = 16) and cigarette smokers (N = 11) were examined during a 6‐day period, during which time a number of measures were administered. Subjects used smokeless tobacco or smoked cigarettes on an ad libitum basis for a 3‐day baseline period and then underwent tobacco deprivation. The significant changes that occurred relative to baseline after smokeless tobacco deprivation included decreased heart rate and orthostatic pulse change and increased craving for tobacco, confusion, eating, number of awakenings, and total scores on a withdrawal symptoms checklist for both self‐rated and observer‐rated measures. There were more changes and changes of greater severity among cigarette smokers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 103–107; doi: 10.1038/clpt.1987.17