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DNA methylation: an epigenetic pathway to cancer and a promising target for anticancer therapy
Author(s) -
Worm Jesper,
Guldberg Per
Publication year - 2002
Publication title -
journal of oral pathology and medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.887
H-Index - 83
eISSN - 1600-0714
pISSN - 0904-2512
DOI - 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00034.x
Subject(s) - epigenetics , cancer epigenetics , biology , dna methylation , carcinogenesis , cancer research , histone deacetylase , epigenetic therapy , histone , epigenetics of physical exercise , genetics , cancer , gene , histone methyltransferase , gene expression
The unique properties of a cancer cell are acquired through a stepwise accumulation of heritable changes in the information content of proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. While gain, loss, and mutation of genetic information have long been known to contribute to tumorigenesis, it has been increasingly recognized over the past 5 years that ‘epigenetic’ mechanisms may play an equally important role. The main epigenetic modification of the human genome is methylation of cytosine residues within the context of the CpG dinucleotide. De novo methylation of ‘CpG islands’ in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes may lead to transcriptional silencing through a complex process involving histone deacetylation and chromatin condensation, and thus represents a tumorigenic event that is functionally equivalent to genetic changes like mutation and deletion. DNA methylation is interesting from a diagnostic viewpoint because it may be easily detected in DNA released from neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions into serum, urine or sputum, and from a therapeutic viewpoint because epigenetically silenced genes may be reactivated by inhibitors of DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylase. A better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms leading to tumor formation and chemoresistance may eventually improve current cancer treatment regimens and be instructive for a more rational use of anticancer agents.