Changes in transmission of Baylisascaris procyonis to intermediate hosts as a function of spatial scale

Physical changes in landscapes alter the abundance and distribution of species. Higher‐order effects can occur when changes in ecological processes result in altered interspecific interactions and subsequent changes in a species’ abundance or persistence. Baylisascaris procyonis , a roundworm parasite of raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), is pathogenic to numerous small vertebrates that serve as intermediate hosts, including white‐footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ). Raccoons have responded positively to agriculturally induced changes in landscapes, with potential consequences for intermediate hosts of B . procyonis . We examined white‐footed mice from a homogeneous, predominantly forested landscape in south‐central Indiana and a heterogeneous, predominantly agricultural landscape in northwestern Indiana for presence of larval B . procyonis . We compared prevalence of infection, intensity of infection, and average number of larvae per mouse between the landscapes, and among forest patches within the highly fragmented agricultural landscape. Prevalence, intensity of infection, and average number of larvae were significantly higher in the highly fragmented landscape. Within the agricultural landscape, regression models predicted probability of infection, intensity of infection, and average number of larvae per mouse per patch as functions of forest patch area and isolation. We conclude that positive responses of raccoons to agriculturally induced fragmentation of forests have resulted in increased encounter rates between white‐footed mice and infective stages of B . procyonis between and within landscapes, resulting in increased transmission of the parasite to intermediate hosts.