Regulatory T‐cell, endogenous antigen and neonatal environment in the prevention and induction of autoimmune disease

Summary: Recent studies on autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) induced by thymectomy on d3 (d3tx), and AOD induced by immunization with the ovary‐specific zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3), have yielded the following results. First, female tolerance to pZP3 depends on the persistence of endogenous antigen (Ag). Second, following regulatory T‐cell depletion, endogenous Ag in prepubertal d3tx mice triggers AOD and drives disease progression. Third, endogenous ZP3 from ovaries without AOD stimulates a diversified IgG autoantibody (autoAb) response that rapidly follows pZP3 T epitope immunization. Fourth, induction of AOD and autoimmune memory in neonatal female mice by pZP3 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant depends on endogenous Ag stimulation within the neonatal week. Fifth, in a rodent pinworm‐positive environment, neonatal but not adult female mice injected with pZP3 in water develop Th2‐mediated AOD and Th2 memory. Sixth, neonatal T cells transfer AOD to syngeneic athymic recipients, whereas adult T cells are non‐pathogenic and in fact suppress AOD conferred by neonatal T cells. Therefore: 1) the continuous presence of physiologically‐expressed autoAg is critical for both tolerance maintenance and autoimmune disease pathogenesis; the outcome is determined by the integrity of regulatory T cells; and 2) the neonatal mice, deficient in the regulatory T‐cell function, are more responsive than adults to Ag and environmental stimuli that promote autoimmune disease and memory.