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Characterization and measurement of time and frequency stability
Author(s) -
Lesage P.,
Audoin C.
Publication year - 1979
Publication title -
radio science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.371
H-Index - 84
eISSN - 1944-799X
pISSN - 0048-6604
DOI - 10.1029/rs014i004p00521
Subject(s) - spectral density , frequency domain , stability (learning theory) , characterization (materials science) , variance (accounting) , time domain , sample (material) , quality (philosophy) , field (mathematics) , statistical physics , mathematics , computer science , statistics , physics , optics , mathematical analysis , accounting , quantum mechanics , machine learning , pure mathematics , business , computer vision , thermodynamics
The roles which spectral density of fractional frequency fluctuations, two‐sample variance, and power spectra play in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are introduced. Their relationship is discussed. Data acquisition in the frequency and the time domain is considered, and examples are given throughout the spectrum. Recently proposed methods for the characterization of a single high‐quality frequency source are briefly described. Possible difficulties and limitations in the interpretation of measurement results are specified, mostly in the presence of a dead time between measurements. The link between past developments in the field, such as two‐sample variance and spectral analysis from time domain measurement, and recently introduced structure functions is emphasized.