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Empirical estimates of cumulative refraction errors associated with procedurally constrained levelings based on the Gaithersburg‐Tucson Refraction Tests of the National Geodetic Survey
Author(s) -
Castle Robert O.,
Gilmore Thomas D.,
Mark Robert K.,
Shaw Roger H.
Publication year - 1985
Publication title -
geophysical research letters
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.007
H-Index - 273
eISSN - 1944-8007
pISSN - 0094-8276
DOI - 10.1029/gl012i005p00239
Subject(s) - refraction , geodetic datum , scale (ratio) , geodesy , geology , standard deviation , statistics , mathematics , optics , physics , geography , cartography
Analyses of results of the National Geodetic Survey's leveling refraction tests indicate that the standard deviation about the mean (σ) for high‐scale minus low‐scale rod readings closely correlates with measured refraction error. Use of this relation in conjunction with values for σ obtained from routinely constrained surveys provides a basis for estimating the refraction error associated with levelings of stipulated order and class.