Further structural constraints and uncertainties of a thin laterally varying ultralow‐velocity layer at the base of the mantle

Constraints and uncertainties are presented for modeling of an ultralow‐velocity zone layer (ULVZ) at the base of Earth's mantle using an SKS wave with small segments of P wave diffraction at the SKS core entry and exit locations, called SP d KS . Source or receiver effects are ruled out as causes for the SP d KS anomalies used to map ULVZ structure, since systematic SP d KS ‐ SKS travel time moveout behavior is present in profiles of recordings of a given earthquake at many seismographic stations and also for many events recorded at one station. The southwest Pacific region produces strong variability in observed SP d KS / SKS amplitude ratios (compared to synthetic seismograms), which geographically corresponds to an anomalous ULVZ region. Accurate determination of absolute ULVZ thicknesses requires knowledge of, in addition to magnitude of P wave velocity ( V p ) reduction in the layer, the magnitude of S wave velocity ( V S ) reduction and density (ρ) perturbation (if any). Synthetic seismogram experiments demonstrate several key points regarding uncertainties and constraints in modeling ULVZ structure: (1) thicker layers (up to 300 km thick) with mild reductions (e.g., −2.5 to −5.0%) cannot reproduce the anomalous SP d KS behavior seen in the data; (2) for ULVZ layers less than 10 km thick, strong trade‐offs exist between discontinuous velocity reductions and linear gradient reductions over a thicker zone; (3) uncertainties preclude precise determination of magnitude of δ V P and δ V S reductions, as well as the δ V S :δ V P ratio; (4) large density increases within the ULVZ (e.g., up to 60% and more) can efficiently broaden and delay the peak of the energy that we identify as SP d KS for models with strong velocity reductions in the layer; (5) models with extreme Q reductions in the ULVZ can affect SP d KS waveforms, and dampen spurious ringing energy present in Sd waveshapes due to the ULVZ; and (6) the minimum required V p reduction for the most anomalous data (around −10%) trades off with thinner ULVZ structures containing larger velocity reductions (with possible density increases as well).