Mineral nitrogen transformations in and under seasonal snow in a high‐elevation catchment in the Rocky Mountains, United States

In an effort to understand sources of nitrate (NO 3 − ) in surface waters of high‐elevation catchments, nitrogen (N) transformations in and under seasonal snow were investigated from 1993 to 1995 on Niwot Ridge, an alpine ecosystem at 3,500 m located in the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Ammonium (NH 4 + ) and NO 3 − labeled with 15 N applied as nonconservative tracers to the snow showed no evidence of nitrification in the snowpack. Furthermore, NH 4 + movement through the amended snowpack was highly correlated with a conservative chloride tracer ( r 2 = 0.99). In an unamended snowpack NH 4 + concentrations in meltwater before contact with the ground were highly correlated with NO 3 − concentrations ( r 2 = 0.98), which is consistent with no nitrification in the snowpack. The isotopically labeled 15 NH + 4 applied to the snowpack was found in underlying soils, showing that NH 4 + released from snow can be rapidly immobilized. Resin bag (mixed‐bed ion‐exchange resins) measurements (n = 22) showed that 80% of the mobile inorganic N in unamended subnivial soils was NO 3 − . Measurements of KCl‐extractable inorganic N from surface soils showed that highest values were prior to the initiation of snowmelt and lowest values were during the growing season. The natural δ 15 N abundance of unamended soils was negative and ranged from −12 to −2, suggesting that atmospheric deposition of δ 15 N‐depleted N is an important component of N cycling in these alpine soils. These results suggest that soil mineralization under seasonal snow, rather than snowmelt release of NO 3 − , may control NO 3 − concentrations in surface waters of high‐elevation catchments.