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Heat Flux From a Vapor‐Dominated Hydrothermal Field Beneath Yellowstone Lake
Author(s) -
Favorito Julia E.,
Harris Robert N.,
Sohn Robert A.,
Hurwitz Shaul,
Luttrell Karen M.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: solid earth
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.983
H-Index - 232
eISSN - 2169-9356
pISSN - 2169-9313
DOI - 10.1029/2020jb021098
Subject(s) - heat flux , geothermal gradient , geology , flux (metallurgy) , thermal conductivity , thermal , convection , hydrothermal circulation , electrical conductor , water vapor , mass flux , heat transfer , hydrology (agriculture) , geophysics , materials science , thermodynamics , meteorology , composite material , physics , paleontology , geotechnical engineering , metallurgy
We report results from 149 heat flux measurements made over an ∼2‐year interval at sites in and around a vapor‐dominated geothermal field located at water depths of ∼100–120 m in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming. Measurements of both in situ temperature and thermal conductivity as a function of depth were made with a 1 m probe via a remotely operated vehicle, and are combined to compute the vertical conductive heat flux. Inside the ∼55.5 × 10 3 m 2 bathymetric depression demarcating the vapor‐dominated field, the median conductive flux is 13 W m −2 , with a conductive output of 0.72 MW. Outside the thermal field, the median conductive flux is 3.5 W m −2 . We observed 49 active vents inside the thermal field, with an estimated mass discharge rate of 56 kg s −1 , a median exit‐fluid temperature of 132°C, and a total heat output of 29 MW. We find evidence for relatively weak secondary convection with a total output of 0.09 MW in thermal area lake floor sediments. Our data indicate that vapor beneath the thermal field is trapped by a low‐permeability cap at a temperature of ∼189°C and a depth of ∼15 m below the lake floor. The thermal output of the Deep Hole is among the highest of any vapor‐dominated field in Yellowstone, due in part to the high boiling temperatures associated with the elevated lake floor pressures.