The Late Great Unconformity of the Central Canadian Shield

The Great Unconformity is a widely distributed surface separating Precambrian rocks from overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary sequences. The causes and implications of this feature, and whether it represents a singular global event, are much debated. Here, we present new apatite (U‐Th)/He (AHe) thermochronologic data from the central Canadian Shield that constrain when the Precambrian basement last cooled to near‐surface temperatures, likely via exhumation, before deposition of overlying early Paleozoic sedimentary sequences that mark the Great Unconformity. AHe data from 11 samples ( n  = 57) across a broad region define a similar date‐eU pattern, implying a common thermal history. Higher eU (>25 ppm) apatite form distinct flat profiles of reproducible dates at ∼510 ± 49 Ma (mean and 1 σ standard deviation), while lower eU (<25 ppm) apatite define a positive date‐eU trend with younger dates. The data patterns, geologic context, and thermal history modeling point toward >3 km of erosion across the entire ∼450,000 km 2 study area between 650 and 440 Ma, followed by modest reheating during later burial. Plume activity associated with intracratonic basin formation or continental rifting/breakup may have caused this erosion event. The post‐650 Ma timing of the last major sub‐Great Unconformity exhumation phase in this region implies a late Great Unconformity that is younger than inferred elsewhere in North America. This suggests that this feature is likely the result of multiple temporally distinct erosion events with differing footprints and mechanisms.