Open AccessIron Speciation in PM 2.5 From Urban, Agriculture, and Mixed Environments in Colorado, USA
Author(s) -
Salazar Joseph R.,
Pfotenhauer David J.,
Leresche Frank,
RosarioOrtiz Fernando L.,
Hannigan Michael P.,
Fakra Sirine C.,
Majestic Brian J.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
earth and space science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.843
H-Index - 23
ISSN - 2333-5084
DOI - 10.1029/2020ea001262
Subject(s) - environmental chemistry , solubility , particulates , chemistry , direct reduced iron , environmental science , total organic carbon , mineralogy , organic chemistry
Atmospheric iron solubility varies depending on whether the particles are collected in rural or urban areas, with urban areas showing increased iron solubility. In this study, we investigate if the iron species present in different environments affects its ultimate solubility. Field data are presented from the Platte River Air Pollution and Photochemistry Experiment (PRAPPE), aimed at understanding the interactions between organic carbon and trace elements in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). 24‐hr PM 2.5 samples were collected during the summer and winter (2016–2017), at three different sites on the Eastern Colorado plains: an urban, agricultural, and a mixed site. Downtown Denver had an average total and water‐soluble iron air concentration of 181.2 and 7.7 ng m −3 , respectively. Platteville, the mixed site, had an average of total iron of 76.1 ng m −3 , with average water‐soluble iron concentration of 9.1 ng m −3 . Jackson State Park (rural/agricultural) had the lowest total iron average of 31.5 ng m −3 and the lowest water‐soluble iron average, 1.3 ng m −3 . The iron oxidation state and chemical speciation of 97 samples across all sites and seasons was probed by X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The most common iron phases observed were almandine (Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂) (Denver 21%, Platteville 16%, Jackson 24%), magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) (Denver 9%, Platteville 4%, Jackson 5%) and Fe (III)dextran (Denver 5%, Platteville 13%, Jackson 5%), a surrogate for Fe‐organic complexes. Additionally, native iron [Fe(0)] was found in significant amounts at all sites. No correlation was observed between iron solubility and iron oxidation state or chemical speciation.