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A Ternary Mixing Model Approach Using Benthic Foraminifer δ 13 C‐δ 18 O Data to Reconstruct Late Pliocene Deep Atlantic Water Mass Mixing
Author(s) -
Weijst Carolien M. H.,
Winkelhorst Josse,
Lourens Lucas,
Raymo Maureen E.,
Sangiorgi Francesca,
Sluijs Appy
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
paleoceanography and paleoclimatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.927
H-Index - 127
eISSN - 2572-4525
pISSN - 2572-4517
DOI - 10.1029/2019pa003804
Subject(s) - north atlantic deep water , benthic zone , geology , water mass , oceanography , deep sea , deep water , circumpolar deep water , antarctic bottom water , bottom water , ocean current , thermohaline circulation , water column , deep ocean water , foraminifera , climatology
Late Pliocene deep Atlantic δ 13 C data have been interpreted as evidence for enhanced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) compared to the present, but this hypothesis is not supported by the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP). Here, we adopt a new approach to assess variability in deep ocean circulation based on paired stable carbon (δ 13 C) and oxygen isotopes (δ 18 O) of benthic foraminifera, both (semi)conservative water mass tracers. Assuming that deep Atlantic benthic δ 13 C‐δ 18 O variability is predominantly driven by mixing, we extrapolate the δ 13 C‐δ 18 O data outside the sampled range to identify the end‐members. At least three end‐members are needed to explain the spatial δ 13 C‐δ 18 O variability in the deep North Atlantic Ocean: two Northern Component Water (NCW) and one Southern Component Water (SCW) water masses. We use a ternary mixing model to quantify the mixing proportions between SCW and NCW in the deep Atlantic Ocean. Our analysis includes new data from Ocean Drilling Program Sites 959 and 662 in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and suggests that the AMOC cell was deeper during the M2 glacial than during late Pliocene interglacials. Moreover, we identify a new cold and well‐ventilated water mass that was geographically restricted to the southeast Atlantic Ocean between 3.6 and 2.7 Ma and did not contribute significantly to the δ 13 C‐δ 18 O variability of the rest of the basin. This high‐δ 13 C high‐δ 18 O water mass has led to the misconception of a reduced latitudinal δ 13 C gradient. Our analyses show that the late Pliocene δ 13 C gradient between NCW and SCW was similar to the present‐day value of 1.1‰.