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Winter CO 2 Efflux From Sagebrush Shrublands Distributed Across the Rain‐to‐Snow Transition Zone
Author(s) -
Fellows Aaron W.,
Flerchinger Gerald N.,
Seyfried Mark S.,
Biederman Joel A.,
Lohse Kathleen A.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
journal of geophysical research: biogeosciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 2169-8961
pISSN - 2169-8953
DOI - 10.1029/2019jg005325
Subject(s) - environmental science , ecosystem , snowpack , shrubland , ecosystem respiration , snow , soil carbon , transect , snowmelt , climate change , eddy covariance , atmospheric sciences , hydrology (agriculture) , ecology , soil water , soil science , geography , biology , geology , meteorology , geotechnical engineering
Abstract The projected shifts in winter weather and snowpack conditions are expected to impact carbon storage in western U.S. rangelands. Sagebrush shrublands comprise much of the western United States, yet contribution of winter CO 2 efflux to the overall carbon budget of these ecosystems remains uncertain. We explored factors controlling winter CO 2 efflux measured using eddy covariance at five sagebrush‐dominated sites along an elevation/climate transect extending from 1,425 to 2,111 m. Results showed that winter CO 2 efflux was modest but had important impacts on annual carbon budgets, and its impact increased in high‐elevation, snow‐dominated ecosystems compared to low, rain‐dominated ones. Observed cumulative winter CO 2 efflux accounted for 8–30% of annual gross ecosystem production (GEP) and roughly approximated annual net carbon uptake. Omission of winter periods would have increased net uptake by 1.5 to 2.2 times. Within‐site variability in observed 30‐min winter CO 2 efflux was related to soil temperature and moisture. Between‐site variability was attributed to available carbon stocks, including soil organic carbon and the previous year's GEP. At low elevations, lack of snow cover to insulate soil from freezing, coupled with lower carbon stocks, limited CO 2 efflux. Conversely, large carbon stocks and deep snowpack that prevented soil freezing at high elevation led to increased CO 2 efflux. These results show how climate and biota exert strong controls on winter ecosystem respiration and extend our understanding of how state factors influence winter CO 2 efflux. Collectively, our findings suggest that an upward climatic shift in the rain‐to‐snow transition elevation may alter the carbon budget of sagebrush shrublands.